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卷八 一、论充足的国防


  (十二月十二日)

  ADEQUATE DEFENSE.

  Just as Congress assembles an apparently well organized and financed movement starts to create a scare about national defenses. Although there are presented no arguments not thoroughly refuted by the European war, the backers of this movement evidently hope to cause a panic and thus get the appropriations they desire. One may well question the sincerity and patriotism of those who resort to such methods. At present they deny wanting big armaments but only ask enough for "adequate defense". What is adequate defense? In case of war no defense is adequate that is not stronger than the opposing force, and inadequate defense, these panic creators tell us, is as good as none. So to have "adequate defense" we must create an armament more powerful than any possible combination of foes could bring against us. And that would only be a beginning, for our potential foes might suspect that we were planning to attack them, just as we suspect them of planning to attack us. They would attempt to outstrip us in building armaments. Our jingo alarmists would call attention to this, create another scare and urge further appropriations. Such a race would be ruinous. To stop it either one side would have to voluntarily retire, and thus make its peaceful intentions clear, or it would have to find some pretext to attack the other when conditions for victory would seem most favorable. Europe's experience shows that the latter alternative is the most likely to be selected. Preparations for war only lead to war. The only adequate defense does not consist in armaments, but in just dealings with the people of all nations.

  〔中译〕

  正当国会开会的时候,一个有组织的为国防筹资的运动正紧张进行。虽然现在的各种国防论都已经被眼下的欧战一一击破,然而这个运动的倡导者仍明显希望引起社会轰动,从而获得预期的国防拨款。人们不禁要质问求助此种方法的人,他们的诚意和爱国主义何在?此刻这些人辩解说他们并非要大量的军备,而是要充足的国防。那么什么是充足的国防?就战争而言,任何国防,若是弱于敌国,便都谈不上是充足的国防。这些起哄的人又辩驳说,即便是不充足的国防,也胜过没有国防。所以,为了有一个“充足的国防”,我们就需要有一个强大的军备,能够抵挡所有可能联合起来的敌国。一经开始,便没有止境。因为我们潜在的敌人也许会怀疑我们正在计划攻击他们,正如同我们私下对他们的猜测一样。他们可能会在军备上超过我们。然而我们的好战的起哄者也会提醒吾国人注意这一点而再次起哄,促成更大的军事拨款。这样的竞赛势必使大家同归于尽。要避免这个结局,双方都应自动退出,表明各自的和平心愿。否则任何一方一旦看到对自己有利的取胜时机,便都会寻找借口攻打对方。欧洲的经验已表明后一种情况是极有可能发生的。备战只会引向战争,唯一充足的国防并不在于军备,仅仅只在于与世界人民如何共处。

  此一则见The Public十七卷八百七十一期,其言深可玩味。

  即以吾国言之,今人皆知国防之不可缓。然何谓国防乎?海陆军与日本并驾,可以谓之国防乎?未可也。以日乃英之同盟国也。海陆军与日英合力之海陆军相等,足矣乎?未也。以日英又法俄之与国也。故今日而言国防,真非易事,惟浅人无识之徒始昌言增军备之为今日惟一之急务耳。

  增军备,非根本之计也;根本之计,在于增进世界各国之人道主义。

  今世界之大患为何?曰:非人道之主义是已,强权主义是已。弱肉强食,禽兽之道,非人道也。以禽兽之道为人道,故成今日之世界。“武装和平”者,所谓“以暴制暴”之法也。以火治火,火乃益然;以暴制暴,暴何能已?

  救世之道无他,以人道易兽道而已矣,以公理易强权而已矣。

  推强权之说,于是有以“强”为国之的者矣。德国国歌之词曰:

  德意志兮,德意志兮,凌驾万邦。(Deutschland,Deutschland,überalles.)

  今天天下惟有一国可“凌驾万邦”耳,而各国皆欲之,则不至于争不止,此托尔斯泰所以谓为至愚也。

  今之持强权之说者,以为此天演公理也。不知“天择”之上尚有“人择”。天地不仁,故弱为强食。而人择则不然。人也者,可以胜天者也。吾人养老而济弱,扶创而治疾,不以其为老弱残疾而淘汰之也,此人之仁也。或问墨子:“君子不斗,信乎?”曰:“然。”曰:“狗彘犹斗,而况于人乎?”墨子曰:“伤哉!言则称于汤文,行则同于狗彘!”今之以弱肉强食之道施诸人类社会国家者,皆墨子所谓“行则同于狗彘”者也。

  今之欲以增兵备救中国之亡者,其心未尝不可嘉也,独其愚不可及耳。试问二十年内中国能有足以敌日、俄、英、法之海陆军否?必不能也。即令能矣,而日、俄、英、法之必继长增高,无有巳时,则吾国之步趋其后亦无有巳时,而战祸终不可免也,世界之和平终不可必也。吾故曰此非根本之计也。

  根本之计奈何?兴吾教育,开吾地藏,进吾文明,治吾内政:此对内之道也。对外则力持人道主义,以个人名义兼以国家名义力斥西方强权主义之非人道,非耶教之道,一面极力提倡和平之说,与美国合力鼓吹国际道德。国际道德进化,则世界始可谓真进化,而吾国始真能享和平之福耳。

  难者曰,此迂远之谈,不切实用也。则将应之曰:此七年之病,求三年之艾也。若以三年之期为迂远,则惟有坐视其死耳。吾诫以三年之艾为独一无二之起死圣药也,则今日其求之时矣,不可缓矣。

  此吾所以提倡大同主义也,此吾所以自附于此邦之“和平派”也,此吾所以不惮烦而日夕为人道主义之研究也。吾岂好为迂远之谈哉?吾不得已也。


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